Vacuum tube transistor equivalent books

Some fortyodd years ago vacuum tube engineers my father was one jumped on the transistor bandwagon because of the numerous advantages it conferred over tubes. If you want to learn more about tube materials and processes, the american institute of physics currently publishes two classic books that are chockfull of advanced information. Vacuum tube has much weight than a transistor that makes the circuit heavier and not comfortable for portable control circuits. We carry over 5000 radio and vacuum tubes in stock every day and we ship world wide. The vacuum tube equivalent of a 2n3904 transistor available these days for as little as 15 cents, and smaller than a pea would be as large as a. Nevertheless, conventional and electronic current are equivalent except for the. This is the main advantages of the transistor which makes transistor portable and lightweight equipment. The information below is accurate to the best of our knowledge. Spangenberg 1948 877 pages vacuum tubes rectifiers alexander schure 1958 77 pages vacuum tube oscillators william a.

We are not responsible for any malfunctions of equipment due to inaccuracies in these tables. In later years he worked at the mcintosh laboratories. The vacuum tube triode, also called a thermionic valve, was the transistor s precursor, introduced in 1907. One of the few engineering books that manages to poke fun at itself. Applications of the motion of particles in applied fields. With the very large number of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves that were produced and as a result of the multiple vacuum tube numbering systems that were in use, there are generally equivalents for most types of tube. Edson 1953 488 pages vacuum tube voltmeters 2th edition john f. In particular, the tube acts somewhat like an nchannel depletionmode jfet or mosfet.

Transistor is symmetrical to a vacuum triode and relatively very small in size. A college ee text covering vacuum tube and transistor devices and circuits. Welcome to the antique electronic supply tech articles. Vacuum channel transistor combines best of semiconductors and vacuum tubes 2017, april 4. In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or valve british usage or, colloquially, a tube north america, is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied the type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode. Basic semiconductor physics, diodes, the nonlinear diode model, load line analysis, large signal diode models, offset diode model, transistors, large signal bjt model, load line analysis, small signal model and transistor amplification. Vacuum tube diodes, solidstate diodes, vacuum tube diodes, semiconductor diodes, pointcontact diodes, junction diodes, shockley diode equation, smallsignal behavior, reverserecovery effect, types of semiconductor diode, graphic symbols,numbering and coding schemes. Old electronics books scanned and free online in pdf format edn. The test signal, u87 microphone, and large floor tom were switchable to each preamplifier input. Diode equivalent to a planeelectrode triodediode equivalent to. Vacuum tube amplifiers differ from transistor and op erational amplifiers because they can be operated in the overload region without adding objectionable distortion.

Voltage band comparator uses tubetransistor circuit 157. There is lots of tube theory and design information in those old books. The book scans below are in adobe acrobat pdf format. Transistor is a solid state device wherever vacuum tubes outer layer is made.

A comparison of some of the most popular 12ax7s currently being produced. A transistor is a threeterminal semiconductor device that can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices, by walter kohl isbn 1563963876. Discusses tube life, tube ratings, protection, and other similar topics. You might think the vacuum tube has burned itself out of electronics, but its filaments. Ultimate 300 vacuum tube valve audio radio reference books. Vacuum tube design rca 1940 267 pages vacuum tube principles chap. Another spot to look, which is especially useful if youre looking for replacement types and tubes with similar bases or characteristics, is the nj7p tube database. When they are found they tend to be somewhat expensive. Gasfilled tubes are similar devices, but containing a gas, typically at low. Vacuum channel transistor combines best of semiconductors.

A transistor consists of three layers of semi conductor material and each layer is having the capability of transferring current to the other layers. Fyi, i think a 12ax7 where x is t, u, v, x or y makes a 2input and, or, nand or nor gate. If we talk about the precessor of transistors in electronic circuits with switching speeds until about 1 ghz, i think it is rather save to say that transistor are way better. For books containing primarily tube data, like sylvania, ge, and rca tube manuals, see the tube data page. These books are more advanced and are not recommended for the novice. The alternating current equivalent circuit of a transistor as shown in fig. The resultant system increases the strength of an electrical signal. For another early work, look for theory and applications of electron tubes by reich. There are many similarities between the vacuum tube triode and the solidstate fieldeffect transistor, or fet. Electronicsvacuum tubes wikibooks, open books for an open world.

This site contains informatins about the theory of vacuum tubes. However, in a nanoscale vacuum channel transistor, no material exists between the source and the drain, and therefore, the. How to design amplifiers with vacuum tubes and transistors including some examples. Friedrichs first authored another very popular book, the voice of the crystal, about.

Whether you are a collector, restorer, experimenter, or musician, the vacuum tube is still a sought after component. Understanding and building tube amps tab electronics. In a traditional solidstate transistor, a semiconductor channel exists between the source and the drain, and the current flows through the semiconductor. A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit.

Basic theory and applications of electron tubes us army 1952 beam power tubes shade 1938 conductance curve. While a single transformer does not have the insulation resistance required between primary and secondary for vacuum tube voltages, what if. This section of the book compares tubes and transistors on the. From vacuum tube to thinking machine by john bryan lewellen and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. The combination of the slow rising edge and the open harmonic structure of the overload characteristics form an almost ideal soundrecording compressor. In spite of the growing competition from the transistor, the electron tube will continue to play a major role in the electronic industry.

One of the grandaddys is theory of thermionic vacuum tubes by chaffee. This list is constantly and perpetually under construction. Known for their reliability and articulation, the jj 6l6gc is a great option guitar amplifiers and hifi stereo. A nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct is a transistor in which the electron transport medium is a vacuum. I am always surprised at the excitement and bidding an old box of tubes generates at an auction. By comparison, todays transistor makes use of electric fields in a crystal.

The jj electronic 6l6gc is the classic pentode built with the rugged construction that only jj could deliver. With the very large number of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves that were produced and. Diodes and transistors pdf 28p this note covers the following topics. Transistor is a composition of two words transfer and varistor. A bibliography of must have tube electronics books. The fifth printing, entitled vacuum tube circuits and transistors, appeared in 1963. A vacuum tube, an electron tube, or valve british usage or, colloquially, a tube north. The amplifier outputs were terminated in 600 ohm loads and bridged by the monitoring system. Vacuum tubes rely on a process called thermionic emission.

In addition to the data i have scanned and posted, if youre looking for data on a particular tube you should visit tsdl on duncanamps website, or franks tube data. In 1947, the trio of physicists william shockley, walter brattain and john bardeen created the worlds first transistor, and marked the beginning of the end for the vacuum tube. Youll find it in a lot of the bibliographies of later works. Herein you will find a collection of vintage engineering texts, vacuum tube datasheets, and other obsolete information, presented free of charge and without annoying advertisements. Vacuum tube calculator schematic page 3 electronics forums. How electric current flows in a vacuum tube is very different from how it flows in a transistor, though. Use of transistor if transformers in vacuum tube circuits. Vacuum tube and valve cross reference sub substitute substitution equivalent and replacement list. While, for most electronics, vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors, there are still some uses for which vacuum tubes are desired. This makes transistor circuits lightweight and easily portable. I enjoyed that hobby so much i am resuming in retirement. As gridtocathode gatetosource in the fet analog voltage, v g, increases, so does cathodeto.

No problem, you can make your own substitute cats whisker crystal from. Following is a list of must have books for the serious tube amplifier designer. The transistors kept getting bigger and faster until tubes are only found in todays. Ive been thinking of trying transistor if transformers for some vacuum tube projects. Vacuumtube circuits and transistors hardcover january 1, 1957 by lawrence baker arguimbau author see all 3 formats and editions hide other formats and editions. What are the pros and cons of the transistor versus vacuum. To find out how much power is needed by the 6146b, we can refer to the to the 6146b data sheet available on my 6146b amplifier pages, the 6146b tube data sheets available online at franks electron tube pages, or the rca tt5 transmitting tube manual.

I am reading several books all the time in my effort to learn, i look at schematics constantly, my wife thinks im having an affair with my parts and vacuum tube suppliers. Problems about valve characteristics, equivalent circuits, rectification, voltage and current stabilization and amplifiers. In most cases the tubes manufactured to the european system have an exact equivalent tube in the american system and vice versa. Integrated circuitstransistorsvacuum tubes youtube. Books published in the uk in the 1940s and 1950s by cleaver hume press. Motion of charge particles in electric and magnetic fields. I am working on posting the rca hb3 tube handbook on line on this. Vacuum tube circuits and transistors lawrence baker arguimbau on. Very technical, but goes into depth about what makes a vacuum tube do its thing. Power supply sections cover vacuum tube and solid state rectifier conversion of ac to. Small dc capacitors, diodes form equivalent ac unit 121. Vacuum tubes require much higher power than transistor device. The transistor radio handbook american radio history.

The principle of a fieldeffect transistor was proposed by julius edgar lilienfeld in 1925 john bardeen, walter brattain and william shockley invented the first working. This page has a bunch of electronics books in pdf format that the guy got by cutting up books and. Arranged by subject category, then alphabetically by title. But in my 20s i used to build vacuum tube radios and amps, heathkits, etc.

The tube amp book deluxe revised edition book and disk package. What is transistor, history and symbols vacuum tubes. An equivalent tube transmitter can use only one tube, requires no combiner. Cote and oakes linear vacuumtube and transistor circuits. According to the data sheets, a single 6146b operating in class ab2 i. This is where you can find useful technical reference information to help you better understand our parts. The transistor could replicate all the functions of tubes, like switching and amplification, but was made out of semiconductor materials. The tube amp book deluxe revised edition book and disk package hardcover. Some of them are long out of print, and can only be obtained from used book sellers, although they are occasionally seen for sale on the internet. A very modern treatment of tube circuits is given in this book i.

Now, for some unaccountable reason we look back at the heyday of the pentode in some twisted nostalgic fashion making unprovable claims about the wonders of the good old days. Free diode circuits books download ebooks online textbooks. The transistor is the fundamental building block of both digital and analog integrated circuitsthe circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics. The tube versus transistor debates that you hear most often occur in the pages of consumer and music magazines, with descriptive, but imprecise language like warm, liquid, smooth, and dynamic. The highs are clear and responsive with warm mids and tight solid lows. Computer history 1949 1960 early vacuum tube computers overview, history project educational duration.